Publication date April 1986 Media type Print ( & ) Pages 192 pp PZ7.W3235 So 1994 Followed by So Far from the Bamboo Grove is a written by, a writer. It was originally published by Beech Tree in April 1986. Watkins was awarded the Literary Lights for Children Award by Associates of the in 1998 and the Courage of Conscience Award by the Peace Abbey. Watkins's book takes place in the last days of. An eleven-year-old girl, Yoko Kawashima must leave her home in, part of northern Korea, as her family escapes south to, then to, to return to Japan.
A Korean version of this book titled Yoko Story ( 요코이야기) was published in 2005 and sold 4,000 copies of the first printing. However, it was banned soon after. A Japanese version of this book became available in June 2013. As of June 7, 2013, the book was at No.
1 on the Amazon Best Sellers in Books in Japan. Contents. Summary The story begins with Yoko Kawashima (and her mother, brother and sister) living in. Yoko and her family have to return to Japan and hide from both the Soviet military and the Koreans. Her brother, Hideyo, also tries to leave but he is separated from his family because he tried out for the army and purposely failed the written test. As a punishment, he has to serve at an ammunition factory for six days a week, which is why he is separated from his family when the Kawashimas have to leave. The family experiences a hard journey as they go to Seoul and to Pusan to take a ferry to Japan.
In the journey, they saw many Japanese that were robbed of their property and slaughtered. Japanese women, from girls to adults, were raped by Koreans. When Yoko, her sister Ko, and her mother reached Fukuoka, the mother traveled to,where she had family there. She then leaves for Aomori to seek help from their grandparents. She goes back to Yoko and her sister bringing sad news that both of their grandparents are dead.
Their mother dies on the same day, leaving Yoko and Ko waiting for their brother, Hideyo. Their mother's last words were to keep their wrapping cloth, and that makes Yoko curious.
Yoko later finds out that there was money in a hidden pocket in the wrapping cloth. Yoko is now in a new school, and there is an essay contest with a cash prize that Yoko enters and wins. Her old friend Corporal Matsumura seeks out Yoko, asking if she is the same girl that was put in the paper for winning a contest. Hideyo faints at the doorstep of a Korean family. Luckily for him, his life was spared and the family allow him to stay. The family sadly bids Hideyo farewell and he finally reaches Pusan where he finds a message that Yoko had left him.
After sailing across to Japan, he sees scriptures of his name and Yoko and Ko's address. While asking directions from a local, he is spotted by Yoko and they are reunited. Kawashima also wrote a sequel titled. Korean protest In 2006, Korean-American community asked that the book be removed from the English curriculum of Dover-Sherborn Middle School, criticizing that the book exonerates various by omission and portrays oppressed Koreans as the oppressors. After the controversy arose in the area, similar efforts in other parts of the U.S. Have been successful in removing the book from the curriculum and reading lists. The author said that she had no intention to disregard the history of Korea and apologized for any hard feelings felt by Korean readers.
She stated her intention was to portray her childhood experiences in a softer way for young readers. She denied the accusations made by the Korean newspapers. Accusations of fabrication The Korean media has charcterized her book as 'autobiographical fiction'. It believes there are several points of historical inaccuracies in her account. Certain 'Korean historians' (unspecified) charge that some of her narrated incidents are imagined. However, the author insists she wrote her experience as she remembered it. Brother's escape route Watkins does concede that in order to protect the identify of the Korean family who harbored her brother, she has had to publish an escape route different than the one he actually followed.
She asked her brother to trace the route and he burst into tears, and she did not want to jeopardize this family's lives by potentially outing them. Korean communist presence Also, when pressed, she admitted she could not positively identify the armed uniformed militia that her family encountered as 'Korean Communist soldiers', although that was the label she has given to her posing threat throughout the book. She explained that this had been the assumption she had made after hearing that the areas left behind in her trail had been overrun by communists. The book, in a different context, describes the mother telling Yoko that Koreans had formed what is known as an 'Anti-Japanese Communist Army'. Harvard historian had considered these points, and stated the only organized Korean 'Communist Army' around this time would have been the guerillas led by Soviet-trained, who did not penetrate the area until early September, but there might have been 'local Korean communist groups' present. Actually however, there was already a report that on August 8, that a Korean contingent of 80-men strong was spotted with the Soviet Army, arriving in Dori (土里).
It was only a short distance by speedboat across the for them to arrive from Russia to the town, within the general area of where Yoko lived. 'Korean Communist soldiers' were bereft of their uniforms for Yoko and her sister to use as disguise in the book. Some media coverage gave a forced reading saying this term can only have applicable meaning as soliers of the ', not established until 1948, so that Yoko was describing uniforms nonexistent at the time.
Bombers Watkins gives in her book an account of sighting U. (identified as that type by Mr.
This has been charcterized as suspect, since according to historians, there were no bombing in the area in July or August 1945. To which, the author retorted that she did not go so far as to say these airplanes bombard her hometown of Nanam. In fact, U.S. Bombers were flying missions to the general area of Korea by this time, according to firsthand accounts by Yoshio Morita's book on evacuation from Korea: 'From July 12 1945 onward, American B-29's came almost every other day and regularly around 11:AM assaulting and in Northeast Korea, dropping many mines into the harbor'. As for the airplane attack on the train Yoko was aboard, although she never identifies the aircraft as American, the media cast suspicion on this passage as anachronisic, since 'American military did not bomb any part of North Korea during the time frame of the story'. The train was stalled by the attack 45 miles before reaching Seoul, and Yoko's group who didn't arrive (in Seoul) until August 17.
See also. Explanatory notes. In relation to the army some farmers' lands to expand its hospital. 'Anti-Japanese Communist Army' ( kōnichi kyōsangun, 抗日共産軍) has been used elsewhere to designate the China's. The Japanese of course would not dignify using Communist China's official name as the people's army. The day Russia formally declared war on Japan.
They assaulted a police station and killed two Japanese officers. A report came to the army to that effect.
It is stated in the book that by the time they reached Seoul, two days had passed since Japan surrendered. References Citations. Silvey, Anita (1995).
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The Boston Public Library.
Archived from on 2014-01-07. The Peace Abbey. Archived from on 2014-06-10. (in Korean). (in Japanese). Archived from on 2013-12-04.
Best Sellers (in Japanese). Archived from on 2013-06-07. The Boston Globe. Nov 12, 2006. Archived from on 2012-10-22. JoongAng Daily. February 2, 2007.
Archived from on 2011-07-18. Park Chung-a (Jan 23, 2007).
Archived from on 2012-03-22. (in Korean). February 3, 2007. Archived from on 2009-09-09.
^, Chapter 3. Eckert, Carter (December 16, 2006). The Boston Globe. Boston Globe. Archived from on 2009-09-10. January 18, 2007.
Quote in Japanese:「二十年七月十二日以後、沖縄を基地とするアメリカのB29は、ほとんど隔日に、しかもきまって午後十一時ごろ、東北鮮の羅津、雄基に来襲し、そのつど多数の機雷を港内に投下していた。それ以前には'」., p. 28–29, possibly from cited source Kitamura, Tomekichi/Ryūkichi, Razu dasshutsu no omoide 羅津脱出の思い出. Kitamura was buyun (府尹, ) or city magistrate of Razu. (in Japanese)., Chapter 2.
For other uses, see. Bamboo Bamboo forest at, China Kingdom: Clade: Clade: Clade: Order: Family: Clade: Subfamily: Bambusoideae. 1,462 species in 115 genera. Olyroideae (1956). Parianoideae (1965) The bamboos ( ) are in the Bambusoideae of the grass family. In bamboo, as in other grasses, the internodal regions of the are usually hollow and the in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement.
The is also absent. The absence of wood causes the stems of, including the and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering. Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world, due to a unique -dependent system.
Certain species of bamboo can grow 91 cm (36 in) within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost 4 cm (1.6 in) an hour (a growth around 1 mm every 90 seconds, or 1 inch every 40 minutes). Are the largest members of the grass family. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, and East Asia, being used for, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product.
Bamboo has a higher specific than wood, brick, or concrete and a specific that rivals steel. The word bamboo comes from the term bambu, which was introduced to English through and. Contents. Systematics and taxonomy Bambusoideae (tropical woody bamboos) (herbaceous bamboos) (temperate woody bamboos) of the bamboo within the BOP of grasses, as suggested by analyses of the whole of Poaceae and of the bamboos in particular. Bamboos have long been considered the most primitive grasses, mostly because of the presence of, indeterminate inflorescences, 'pseudospikelets', and flowers with three, six, and three. Following more recent research, many and genera of grasses formerly included in the Bambusoideae are now classified in other subfamilies, e.g.
The, the, and the. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the of grasses, where it is sister to the (bluegrasses and relatives).
The bamboos comprise three clades classified as tribes, and these strongly correspond with geographic divisions representing the New World herbaceous species , tropical woody bamboos , and temperate woody bamboos. The woody bamboos do not form a; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos. Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera. Worldwide distribution of bamboos Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and warm temperate climates. However, many species are found in diverse climates, ranging from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions and highland cloud forests.
In the Asia-Pacific region they occur across East Asia, from 50 °N latitude in south to Northern Australia, and west to India and the. China, Japan, Korea, India, and Australia, all have several endemic populations. They also occur in small numbers in, confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique and Madagascar in the south. In the Americas, bamboo has a native range from 47 °S in southern and the beech forests of central, through the South American tropical rainforests, to the in Ecuador near 4,300 m (14,000 ft). Bamboo is also native through and, northward into the. Canada and continental Europe are not known to have any native species of bamboo.
As garden plants, many species grow readily outside these ranges, including most of Europe and the United States. Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a commercial basis in the of east-central Africa, especially in Rwanda. In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, and distributing species such as (Henon) and (Moso). Bamboo Canopy The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are 'clumping' and 'running'. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses.
'Running' bamboos, though, need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to both the species and the and conditions.
Some can send out runners of several metres a year, while others can stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to 91 cm (36 in) in 24 hours. However, the growth rate is dependent on local soil and climatic conditions, as well as species, and a more typical growth rate for many commonly cultivated bamboos in temperate climates is in the range of 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) per day during the growing period. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late, vast fields existed in what is now Asia. Some of the largest timber bamboo can grow over 30 m (98 ft) tall, and be as large as 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in diameter. However, the size range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity.
A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is 4.5–12 m (15–39 ft), depending on species. Of China, known as the 'Town of Bamboo', provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide. Unlike all trees, individual bamboo emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single of three to four months. During this time, each new shoot grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs.
In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm.
Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm. Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay.
This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter. Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos can survive temperatures as low as −29 °C (−20 °F). Some of the hardiest bamboo species can be grown in 5, although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above-ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring.
In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year-round. Mass flowering.
Phyllostachys glauca 'Yunzhu' in flower Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower, and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely.
In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years. These taxa exhibit (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location.
The longest mass flowering interval known is 130 years, and it is for the species (Sieb. In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies. The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of 'alarm clock' in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth. This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery. One hypothesis to explain the of this mass flowering is the predator satiation hypothesis, which argues that by fruiting at the same time, a population increases the survival rate of its seeds by flooding the area with fruit, so even if predators eat their fill, seeds will still be left over.
By having a flowering cycle longer than the lifespan of the rodent predators, bamboos can regulate animal populations by causing starvation during the period between flowering events. Thus, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration. Another, the fire cycle hypothesis, states that periodic flowering followed by death of the adult plants has evolved as a mechanism to create disturbance in the habitat, thus providing the seedlings with a gap in which to grow. This argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire. Because bamboos can be aggressive as early successional plants, the seedlings would be able to outstrip other plants and take over the space left by their parents.
However, both have been disputed for different reasons. The predator satiation hypothesis does not explain why the flowering cycle is 10 times longer than the lifespan of the local rodents, something not predicted.
The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis is considered by a few scientists to be unreasonable; they argue that fires only result from humans and there is no natural fire in India. This notion is considered wrong based on distribution of lightning strike data during the dry season throughout India. However, another argument against this is the lack of precedent for any living organism to harness something as unpredictable as lightning strikes to increase its chance of survival as part of natural evolutionary progress. More recently, a mathematical explanation for the extreme length of the flowering cycles has been offered, involving both the implied by the predator satiation hypothesis and others, and the fact that plants that flower at longer intervals tend to release more seeds. The hypothesis claims that bamboo flowering intervals grew by multiplication.
A mutant bamboo plant flowering at a noninteger multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds alone, and would not enjoy the benefits of collective flowering (such as protection from predators). However, a mutant bamboo plant flowering at an integer multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds only during collective flowering events, and would release more seeds than the average plant in the population. It could, therefore, take over the population, establishing a flowering interval that is an integer multiple of the previous flowering interval. The hypothesis predicts that observed bamboo flowering intervals should factorize into small. The mass fruiting also has direct economic and ecological consequences, however. The huge increase in available fruit in the forests often causes a boom in rodent populations, leading to increases in disease and famine in nearby human populations. For example, devastating consequences occur when the bambusoides population flowers and fruits once every 30–35 years around the.
The death of the bamboo plants following their fruiting means the local people lose their building material, and the large increase in bamboo fruit leads to a rapid increase in rodent populations. As the number of rodents increases, they consume all available food, including grain fields and stored food, sometimes leading to. These rats can also carry dangerous diseases, such as, and, which can reach epidemic proportions as the rodents increase in number. The relationship between rat populations and bamboo flowering was examined in a 2009 documentary.
In any case, flowering produces masses of seeds, typically suspended from the ends of the branches. These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms. Several bamboo species are never known to set seed even when sporadically flowering has been reported., and are common examples of such bamboo. Animal diet. Bamboo is the main food of the, making up 99% of its diet.
Soft bamboo shoots, stems, and leaves are the major food source of the of, the of Nepal, and the of Madagascar. Rats eat the fruits as described above. Of Africa also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo sap which was fermented and alcoholic; and elephants of the region also eat the stalks.
The larvae of the bamboo borer (the ) of Laos, Thailand, and, China, feed off the pulp of live bamboo. In turn, these are considered a. Cultivation. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (June 2014) Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of infestation.
Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to these cycles: 1) Lifecycle of the culm: As each individual goes through a 5– to 7-year lifecycle, culms are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump.
Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species. 2) Annual cycle: As all growth of new bamboo occurs during the, disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop.
Also during this high-rainfall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the. Picking immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots. Hence, harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season. 3) Daily cycle: During the height of the day, is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest. Many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon.
Leaching Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis.
Examples of this practice include:. Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant.
A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap. Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment). In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation. Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material. Maintenance of spreading runners Regular observations at ground level indicate major growth directions and locations of rhizomes.
In dry and hard soil conditions extending rhizomes will cause cracks in the soil surface. To facilitate rhizome maintenance it's best to dig a furrow around the bamboo planting and/or plant in a raised mound or bottomless lumber frame box. During 'root pruning' of running bamboo the cut rhizomes are typically removed; however, rhizomes take a number of months to mature, and an immature, severed rhizome usually ceases growing if left in-ground. If any bamboo shoots come up outside of the bamboo area afterwards, their presence indicates the precise location of the removed rhizome. The fibrous roots that radiate from the rhizomes do not produce more bamboo. Bamboo growth can be somewhat controlled by surrounding the plant or grove with a physical barrier. Typically, steel, concrete, and specially rolled plastic are used to create the barrier, which is placed in a 60– to 90-cm-deep ditch around the planting and angled out at the top to direct the rhizomes to the surface; this is only possible if the barrier is installed in a straight line.
Regardless of size of areablocking bamboo rhizomes as a solution to controlling running bamboo is detrimental to the health of the plant, and only temporary. Bamboo within barriers usually become rootbound after a few years and start to display the signs of any unhealthy containerized plant. In addition, rhizomes pile up against the barrier and often escape over the top or under the bottom. Strong rhizomes and tools can penetrate plastic easily, so care must be taken. In small areas, regular root pruning maintenance may be the best method for controlling the running bamboos.
Barriers and edging are unnecessary for clump-forming bamboos, although these may eventually need to have portions removed if they become too large. Lucky bamboo The ornamental plant marketed as 'lucky bamboo' is an entirely unrelated plant,. It is a resilient member of the lily family that grows in the dark, tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia and Africa.
'Lucky bamboo' has long been associated with the Eastern practice of. Images of the plant widely available on the Web are often used to depict bamboo. Invasive species species of bamboo are also considered invasive and illegal to sell or propagate in some areas of the US.
On a related note, is sometimes mistaken for a bamboo, but it grows wild and is considered an invasive species. Uses Culinary. Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market Although the shoots (new culms that come out of the ground) of bamboo contain a toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside) that produces cyanide in the gut, proper processing renders them edible. They are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions. The ingests many times the quantity of the taxiphyllin-containing bamboo that would kill a human. The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In Assam, India, for example, it is called khorisa.
In, a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with turmeric and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice ( alu tama (आलु तामा) in ). Khao lam (: ข้าวหลาม) is with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths In, they are sliced thin and then boiled with santan (thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are (mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and lun pia (sometimes written: fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely. Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the of the young shoots. The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be to make ulanzi (a sweet wine) or simply made into a soft drink. Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients.
Pickled bamboo shoots (: तामा tama) are cooked with black-eyed beans as a delicacy food in Nepal. Many Nepalese restaurant around the world serve this dish as aloo bodi tama. Fresh bamboo shoots are sliced and pickled with mustard seeds and turmeric and kept in glass jar in direct sunlight for the best taste. It is used alongside many dried beans in cooking during winters. Baby shoots (: tusa) of a very different variety of bamboo (Nepali: निगालो Nigalo) native to Nepal is cooked as a curry in hilly regions. In, cooking food in bamboo is called tukir.
In, India, the tender shoots are grated into and to prepare kardi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, karira. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably amil, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using as a binding agent.
The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as hendua. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves.
In Konkani cuisine, the tender shoots ( kirlu) are grated and cooked with crushed jackfruit seeds to prepare kirla sukke. The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce of. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste.
In addition, bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an ecofriendly alternative to other manufactured utensils. Bambooworking Bamboo was used by humans for various purposes at a very early time. Categories of include: Construction. Can reach great heights. Bamboo, like true, is a natural with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of.
In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance. Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong. In the Philippines, the is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates, and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber. Various structural shapes may be made by training the bamboo to assume them as it grows.
Squared sections of bamboo are created by compressing the growing stalk within a square form. Arches may similarly be created by forcing the bamboo's growth into the desired form, costing much less than it would to obtain the same shape with regular wood timber.
More traditional forming methods, such as the application of heat and pressure, may also be used to curve or flatten the cut stalks. Bamboo can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks. This process involves cutting stalks into thin strips, planing them flat, and boiling and drying the strips; they are then glued, pressed, and finished. Long used in China and Japan, entrepreneurs started developing and selling laminated in the West during the mid-1990s; products made from bamboo laminate, including flooring, cabinetry, furniture, and even decorations, are currently surging in popularity, transitioning from the boutique market to mainstream providers such as. The bamboo goods industry (which also includes small goods, fabric, etc.) is expected to be worth $25 billion by 2012. The quality of bamboo laminate varies among manufacturers and varies according to the maturity of the plant from which it was harvested (six years being considered the optimum); the sturdiest products fulfill their claims of being up to three times harder than hardwood while others may be softer than standard hardwood.
Bamboo intended for use in construction should be treated to resist insects and rot. The most common solution for this purpose is a mixture of and.
Another process involves boiling cut bamboo to remove the starches that attract insects. Bamboo pavilion in the Shenzhen Biennale Bamboo has been used as reinforcement for concrete in those areas where it is plentiful, though dispute exists over its effectiveness in the various studies done on the subject.
Bamboo does have the necessary strength to fulfil this function, but untreated bamboo will swell with water absorbed from the concrete, causing it to crack. Several procedures must be followed to overcome this shortcoming. Several institutes, businesses, and universities are researching the use of bamboo as an ecological construction material. In the United States and France, it is possible to get houses made entirely of bamboowhich are earthquake- and cyclone-resistant and internationally certified. Three standards are given for bamboo as a construction material.
In parts of India, bamboo is used for drying clothes indoors, both as a rod high up near the ceiling to hang clothes on, and as a stick wielded with acquired expert skill to hoist, spread, and to take down the clothes when dry. It is also commonly used to make ladders, which apart from their normal function, are also used for carrying bodies in funerals. In, the bamboo groves and forests are called Veluvana, the name velu for bamboo is most likely from Sanskrit, while vana means forest. Furthermore, bamboo is also used to create flagpoles for -coloured, religious flags, which can be seen fluttering across India, especially in and, as well as in Guyana and Suriname in South America. Bamboo was used for the structural members of the at in Shanghai. The pavilion is the world’s largest bamboo dome, about 34 m (112 ft) in diameter, with bamboo beams/members overlaid with a ferro-concrete slab, waterproofing, copper plate, solar PV panels, a small windmill, and live plants.
A total of 30 km (19 mi) of bamboo was used. The dome is supported on 18-m-long steel piles and a series of steel ring beams. The bamboo was treated with borax and boric acid as a fire retardant and insecticide and bent in the required shape. The bamboo sections were joined with reinforcement bars and concrete mortar to achieve the necessary lengths. Textiles. Main article: Since the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than 3 mm (0.12 in)), they are not usually transformed into yarn by a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only made from the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals.
To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include, and strong acids. Retailers have sold both end products as 'bamboo fabric' to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet; however, the Canadian and the US, as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier 'from bamboo'. As a writing surface. Further information: Bamboo was in widespread use in early China as a medium for written documents. The earliest surviving examples of such documents, written in ink on string-bound bundles of bamboo strips (or 'slips'), date from the fifth century BC during the.
However, references in earlier texts surviving on other media make it clear that some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was in use as early as the late period (from about 1250 BC). Bamboo or wooden strips were the standard writing material during the, and excavated examples have been found in abundance. Subsequently, began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the fourth century AD, bamboo slips had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China.
Several paper industries are surviving on bamboo forests. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make in many Chinese communities.
Bamboo are mainly produced in China, Thailand, and India, and are used in. The most common bamboo species used for paper are and. It is also possible to make from bamboo.
The average fiber length is similar to, but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution. With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production. Weapons Bamboo has often been used to construct weapons and is still incorporated in several Asian martial arts. A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the Tamil martial art of, a word derived from a term meaning 'hill bamboo'. Staves used in the Indian martial art of are commonly made from bamboo, a material favoured for its light weight. A bamboo sword called a is used in the Japanese martial art of. Bamboo is used for crafting the bows, called, and arrows used in the Japanese martial art.
Bamboo is sometimes used to craft the limbs of the longbow and recurve bow used in traditional archery, and to make superior weapons for bowhunting and target archery. The first gunpowder-based weapons, such as the, were made of bamboo. Bamboo was apparently used in and as a. Musical instruments. Bamboo is used for breeding and propagation (, ). Bamboo has traditionally been used to make a wide range of everyday utensils and, particularly in Japan, where archaeological excavations have uncovered bamboo baskets dating to the Late Jomon period (2000–1000 BC).
Bamboo has a long history of use in. Is a distinct style based on a millennia-long tradition, and bamboo is also used for due to its high. Several manufacturers offer, surfboards, snowboards, and skateboards. Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make. The is especially prized for.
Bamboo has been traditionally used in as a firecracker called a meriam buluh. Four-foot-long sections of bamboo are cut, and a mixture of water and are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick, producing a loud bang. Bamboo can be used in. A bamboo filter is used to remove the salt from seawater –.
Many ethnic groups in remote areas that have water access in Asia use bamboo that is 3–5 years old to make rafts. They use 8 to 12 poles, 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long, laid together side by side to a width of about 1 m (3.3 ft). Once the poles are lined up together, they cut a hole crosswise through the poles at each end and use a small bamboo pole pushed through that hole like a screw to hold all the long bamboo poles together. Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water.
Bamboo is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. The (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground bamboo found in the dry northern climate of, region, province to support his geological theory of gradual. Symbolism and culture. Photo of carved Chinese bamboo wall vase.
Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection. Bamboo, one of the ' (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), plays such an important role in traditional Chinese culture that it is even regarded as a behavior model of the gentleman. As bamboo has features such as uprightness, tenacity, and hollow heart, people endow bamboo with integrity, elegance, and plainness, though it is not physically strong. Countless poems praising bamboo written by ancient Chinese poets are actually metaphorically about people who exhibited these characteristics. According to laws, an ancient poet, (772–846), thought that to be a gentleman, a man does not need to be physically strong, but he must be mentally strong, upright, and perseverant. Just as a bamboo is hollow-hearted, he should open his heart to accept anything of benefit and never have arrogance or prejudice.
Bamboo is not only a symbol of a gentleman, but also plays an important role in Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the first century. As canons of Buddhism forbids cruelty to animals, flesh and egg were not allowed in the diet.
The tender bamboo shoot ( sǔn筍 in Chinese) thus became a nutritious alternative. Preparation methods developed over thousands of years have come to be incorporated into Asian cuisines, especially for monks.
A Buddhist monk, Zan Ning, wrote a manual of the bamboo shoot called ' Sǔn Pǔ筍譜' offering descriptions and recipes for many kinds of bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoot has always been a traditional dish on the Chinese dinner table, especially in southern China. In ancient times, those who could afford a big house with a yard would plant bamboo in their garden. In Japan, a bamboo forest sometimes surrounds a Shinto as part of a sacred barrier against. Many Buddhist temples also have bamboo groves. ^ Kelchner S; Bamboo Phylogeny Working Group (2013). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
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